use sqlalchemy

flaskr/__init__.py

@@ -7,8 +7,11 @@ def create_app(test_config=None):
     # create and configure the app
     app = Flask(__name__, instance_relative_config=True)
     app.config.from_mapping(
-        DATABASE=os.path.join(app.instance_path, 'flaskr.sqlite'),
+        SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get("SECRET_KEY", default=None),
-        SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get("SECRET_KEY", default=None)
+        SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = os.environ.get(
+            "SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS", default=False),
+        SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = os.environ.get(
+            "SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI", default=None)
     )
 
     if test_config is None:
@@ -23,7 +26,6 @@ def create_app(test_config=None):
         os.makedirs(app.instance_path)
     except OSError:
         pass
-
     # a simple page that says hello
     @app.route('/hello')
     def hello():

flaskr/auth.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from flask import (
 )
 from werkzeug.security import check_password_hash, generate_password_hash
 
-from flaskr.db import get_db
+from flaskr.db import db, User
 
 bp = Blueprint('auth', __name__, url_prefix='/auth')
 
@@ -14,24 +14,18 @@ def register():
     if request.method == 'POST':
         username = request.form['username']
         password = request.form['password']
-        db = get_db()
         error = None
 
         if not username:
             error = 'Username is required.'
         elif not password:
             error = 'Password is required.'
-        elif db.execute(
+        elif User.query.filter_by(username=username).first() is not None:
-            'SELECT id FROM user WHERE username = ?', (username,)
-        ).fetchone() is not None:
             error = 'User {} is already registered.'.format(username)
-
+        else:
-        if error is None:
+            db.session.add(User(username=username,
-            db.execute(
+                                password=generate_password_hash(password)))
-                'INSERT INTO user (username, password) VALUES (?, ?)',
+            db.session.commit()
-                (username, generate_password_hash(password))
-            )
-            db.commit()
             return redirect(url_for('auth.login'))
 
         flash(error)
@@ -43,20 +37,18 @@ def login():
     if request.method == 'POST':
         username = request.form['username']
         password = request.form['password']
-        db = get_db()
         error = None
-        user = db.execute(
+
-            'SELECT * FROM user WHERE username = ?', (username,)
+        user = User.query.filter_by(username=username).first()
-        ).fetchone()
 
         if user is None:
             error = 'Incorrect username.'
-        elif not check_password_hash(user['password'], password):
+        elif not check_password_hash(user.password, password):
             error = 'Incorrect password.'
 
         if error is None:
             session.clear()
-            session['user_id'] = user['id']
+            session['user_id'] = user.id
             return redirect(url_for('index'))
 
         flash(error)
@@ -70,9 +62,7 @@ def load_logged_in_user():
     if user_id is None:
         g.user = None
     else:
-        g.user = get_db().execute(
+        g.user = User.query.filter_by(id=user_id).first()
-            'SELECT * FROM user WHERE id = ?', (user_id,)
-        ).fetchone()
 
 @bp.route('/logout')
 def logout():

flaskr/blog.py

@@ -4,18 +4,13 @@ from flask import (
 from werkzeug.exceptions import abort
 
 from flaskr.auth import login_required
-from flaskr.db import get_db
+from flaskr.db import db, Post, User
 
 bp = Blueprint('blog', __name__)
 
 @bp.route('/')
 def index():
-    db = get_db()
+    posts = Post.query.join(User).order_by(Post.created.desc()).all()
-    posts = db.execute(
-        'SELECT p.id, title, body, created, author_id, username'
-        ' FROM post p JOIN user u ON p.author_id = u.id'
-        ' ORDER BY created DESC'
-    ).fetchall()
     return render_template('blog/index.html', posts=posts)
 
 @bp.route('/create', methods=('GET', 'POST'))
@@ -32,29 +27,21 @@ def create():
         if error is not None:
             flash(error)
         else:
-            db = get_db()
+            db.session.add(Post(title=title,
-            db.execute(
+                                body=body,
-                'INSERT INTO post (title, body, author_id)'
+                                user_id=g.user.id))
-                ' VALUES (?, ?, ?)',
+            db.session.commit()
-                (title, body, g.user['id'])
-            )
-            db.commit()
             return redirect(url_for('blog.index'))
 
     return render_template('blog/create.html')
 
 def get_post(id, check_author=True):
-    post = get_db().execute(
+    post = Post.query.filter_by(id=id).first()
-        'SELECT p.id, title, body, created, author_id, username'
-        ' FROM post p JOIN user u ON p.author_id = u.id'
-        ' WHERE p.id = ?',
-        (id,)
-    ).fetchone()
 
     if post is None:
         abort(404, "Post id {0} doesn't exist.".format(id))
 
-    if check_author and post['author_id'] != g.user['id']:
+    if check_author and post.user_id != g.user.id:
         abort(403)
 
     return post
@@ -75,13 +62,10 @@ def update(id):
         if error is not None:
             flash(error)
         else:
-            db = get_db()
+            post = Post.query.filter_by(id=id).first()
-            db.execute(
+            post.title = title
-                'UPDATE post SET title = ?, body = ?'
+            post.body = body
-                ' WHERE id = ?',
+            db.session.commit()
-                (title, body, id)
-            )
-            db.commit()
             return redirect(url_for('blog.index'))
 
     return render_template('blog/update.html', post=post)
@@ -89,8 +73,6 @@ def update(id):
 @bp.route('/<int:id>/delete', methods=('POST',))
 @login_required
 def delete(id):
-    get_post(id)
+    db.session.delete(get_post(id))
-    db = get_db()
+    db.session.commit()
-    db.execute('DELETE FROM post WHERE id = ?', (id,))
-    db.commit()
     return redirect(url_for('blog.index'))

flaskr/db.py

@@ -1,41 +1,39 @@
-import sqlite3
+from datetime import datetime
 
 import click
 from flask import current_app, g
 from flask.cli import with_appcontext
+from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
 
-
+db = SQLAlchemy()
-def get_db():
-    if 'db' not in g:
-        g.db = sqlite3.connect(
-            current_app.config['DATABASE'],
-            detect_types=sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES
-        )
-        g.db.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
-
-    return g.db
-
-
-def close_db(e=None):
-    db = g.pop('db', None)
-
-    if db is not None:
-        db.close()
-
-def init_db():
-    db = get_db()
-
-    with current_app.open_resource('schema.sql') as f:
-        db.executescript(f.read().decode('utf8'))
-
 
 @click.command('init-db')
 @with_appcontext
 def init_db_command():
     """Clear the existing data and create new tables."""
-    init_db()
+    db.create_all()
     click.echo('Initialized the database.')
 
 def init_app(app):
-    app.teardown_appcontext(close_db)
+    db.init_app(app) # Initialize the sql alchemy database
     app.cli.add_command(init_db_command)
+
+# Model definitions
+class User(db.Model):
+    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
+    username = db.Column(db.Text, nullable=False)
+    password = db.Column(db.Text, nullable=False)
+    posts = db.relationship('Post', backref='user', lazy=True)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<User %r>' % self.username
+
+class Post(db.Model):
+    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
+    user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id'), nullable=False)
+    created = db.Column(db.DateTime, nullable=False, default=datetime.utcnow)
+    title = db.Column(db.Text, nullable=False)
+    body = db.Column(db.Text, nullable=False)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<Post %r>' % self.title

flaskr/templates/blog/index.html

@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@
     <article class="post">
       <header>
         <div>
-          <h1>{{ post['title'] }}</h1>
+          <h1>{{ post.title }}</h1>
-          <div class="about">by {{ post['username'] }} on {{ post['created'].strftime('%Y-%m-%d') }}</div>
+          <div class="about">by {{ post.user.username }} on {{ post.created.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') }}</div>
         </div>
-        {% if g.user['id'] == post['author_id'] %}
+        {% if g.user.id == post.user_id %}
-          <a class="action" href="{{ url_for('blog.update', id=post['id']) }}">Edit</a>
+          <a class="action" href="{{ url_for('blog.update', id=post.id) }}">Edit</a>
         {% endif %}
       </header>
-      <p class="body">{{ post['body'] }}</p>
+      <p class="body">{{ post.body }}</p>
     </article>
     {% if not loop.last %}
       <hr>

setup.py

@@ -8,5 +8,6 @@ setup(
     zip_safe=False,
     install_requires=[
         'flask',
+        'flask_sqlalchemy',
     ],
 )